cultural background of colossae

Writing in the 5th century BC, Xenophon refers to Colossae as "a populous city, wealthy and of considerable magnitude". Whether they piped in the cold or the hot water, it arrived at Laodicea lukewarm. Bible Commentary This connection between the cities lies behind Paul’s reference to Hierapolis and Laodicea in his epistle to the Colossians (Col 4:13). From the Persian period through the Byzantine period, Colossae was a large, important city. The city of Colossae. Paul cared deeply that all of his readers (today as well as the Colossians two thou­sand years ago) understood the context of their lives within God’s story, and what that looks like in their relationships on the job. when Herodotus mentions it as a “great city” visited by the Persian king Xerxes on his military campaign to Greece. Drawing upon little-known angel inscriptions, magical texts, and archaeological evidence from Asia Minor, the author argues that the Colossians tried to combine Paul's teachings about Christ with local pagan and Jewish folk beliefs. According to Xenophon, a Greek historian from the 4th century BC, Colossae was one of the six big cities of Phrygia. This often meant mixing them to make a new faith system. The Apostle Paul had spent two years planting a church in Ephe­sus, and in Acts 19:10 we learn that, radiating from that center, “all the residents of Asia, both Jews and Greeks, heard the word of the Lord.” Whether Paul himself fanned out in missionary activity throughout the province or whether some of his converts did so, a church was planted in Colossae. [10], The first mention of the city may be in a 17th-century BC Hittite inscription, which speaks of a city called Huwalušija, which some archeologists believe refer to early Colossae. [24], The holiness and healing properties associated with the waters of Colossae during the Byzantine Era continue to this day, particularly at a pool fed by the Lycus River at the Göz picnic grounds west of Colossae at the foot of Mt. The theater was probably built during the Roman period, and may be near an agora that abuts the Cardo Maximus, or the city's main north-south road. Nevertheless, sources suggest that the town may have decreased in size or may even been completely abandoned due to Arab invasions in the seventh and eighth centuries, forcing the population to flee to resettle in the nearby city of Chonai (modern day Honaz). The letters, however, take readers far beyond these issues of deception. Produced by TOW Project, Bible Study: Wednesdays, Oct. 14 - Dec. 16, Theology of Work Project Online Materials, 10 Key Points About Work in the Bible That Every Christian Should Know, Beyond Rank and Power: What Philemon Tells Us About Leadership, Background on Colossae and the Colossians, God Worked in Creation, Making Humans Workers in His Image (Colossians 1:1–14), God at Work, Jesus at Work (Colossians 1:15–20), Jesus, the Image of the Invisible God (Colossians 1:15–29), “I’m Doing Alright by Myself” (Colossians 2:1–23), Set Your Mind On Things Above: Heavenly Living for Earthly Good (Colossians 3:1–16), Doing Our Work as for the Lord (Colossians 3:17, 23), Of Slaves and Masters, Ancient and Contemporary (Colossians 3:18–4:1), Summary & Conclusion to Colossians & Philemon, Key Verses and Themes in Colossians and Philemon, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 3 - For you died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God. Ceramic finds around the theater confirm the city's early occupation in the third and second millennia BC. / What does Christ mean by this metaphor? There the Co­lossians manufactured a beautiful dark red wool cloth (colossinum) for which the city became famous. He also was a slaveholder whose slave Onesimus had escaped, had later encountered the Apostle Paul, and had responded to the gospel message about Jesus. The Fifth Century geographer Herodotus first mentions Colossae by name and as a "great city in Phrygia", which accommodates the Persian King Xerxes I while en route to wage war against the Greeks - showing the city had already reached a certain level of wealth and size by this time. Colossae had once been an important Roman military outpost and had also been the center of economic activity. The town was known for its fusion of religious influences (syncretism), which included Jewish, Gnostic, and pagan influences that in the first century AD were described as an angel-cult. Early History of Colossae Of the three cities, Colossae was the earli-est to achieve city status. Philemon was a citizen of Colossae and an upright leader in that church. Doesn’t sound that evil, but in fact culture can be a subtle replacement of Christ, causing us to live according to our natural background and worldview rather than according to Christ. Background of the book. "[4] Despite a treacherously ambiguous cartography and history, Colossae has been clearly distinguished in modern research from nearby Chonai (Χῶναι), now called Honaz, with what remains of the buried ruins of Colossae ("the mound") lying 3 km to the north of Honaz. Michael. You are free to share (to copy, distribute and transmit the work), and remix (to adapt the work) for non-commercial use only, under the condition that you must attribute the work to the Theology of Work Project, Inc., but not in any way that suggests that it endorses you or your use of the work. It … T. Nelson and Sons. In the letter to the Colossians, Paul addresses how our relationship to God through Jesus Christ affects us in the workplace. COLOSSAE. Picture Study Bible with Maps and Background Information . a. Xerxes, the Persian king, had camped there while on his way … Colossae (/kəˈlɒsi/; Greek: Κολοσσαί) was an ancient city of Phrygia in Asia Minor, and one of the most celebrated cities of southern Anatolia (modern Turkey). Its history is chiefly … Its Location: Located about 100 miles east of Ephesus, Colossae was a Graeco-Phrygian city in the Roman proconsular of Asia also known as Asia Minor. [20], The Apostolic Constitutions list Philemon as a Bishop of Colossae. The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae Clinton E. Arnold. In Cadwallader and Trainor, eds. COLOSSAE kə lŏs’ ĭ (Κολοσσαί, G3145). Colossae was nevertheless located on the main trade route through the region, and as such was … 1. Cold water could come from the abundant supply at Colossae, but by the time it traveled the ten or so miles from the cold springs, it was lukewarm. Colossians 2 . Cadmus. 1. He emphasizes Christ’s authority over all evil powers. A significant city from the 5th century BC onwards, it had dwindled in importance by the time of Paul, but was notable for the existence of its local angel cult. Every resource on our site was made possible through the financial support of people like you. [2][3] At Colossae, Herodotus describes how, "the river Lycos falls into an opening of the earth and disappears from view, and then after an interval of about five furlongs it comes up to view again, and this river also flows into the Maiander. Capital city of the Roman province of Asia, Ephesus had approximately a quarter of a million people and was an important seaport. Today, the remains of one column marks the location where locals believe a church once stood, possibly that of St. Though only a small town in Paul’s time, Colossae had long been known for its fine wool, and in … We know that Antiochus III had settled about 2,000 Jewish families in the general area in 213 BC. “The Gift of India”, written in 1915 by the “Nightingale of India” Sarojini Naidu is a patriotic poem included in her volume of poems called “The broken wing”. There the Co­lossians manufactured a beautiful dark red wool cloth (colossinum) for which the city became famous. At one time, the city boasted a large economy consisting mostly from textiles, and specifically wool. The ancient city of Colossae was built on a major trade route through the Lycus River Valley in the Roman province of Asia Minor (in the southwest corner of modern-day Turkey). Used under license from Veer. [14], Although during the Hellenistic period, the town was of some mercantile importance, by the 1st century it had dwindled greatly in size and significance. [12] It was famous for its wool trade. Thus, it was considered to be a city of great importance during the fourth and third centuries before the life of Christ. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The city of Colosse lay in the beautiful Lycus Valley about 100 miles east of Ephesus. The city was located in the Lycus Valley about 100 miles east of Ephesus. On the eastern slope there sits a theater which probably seated around 5,000 people, suggesting a total population of 25,000 - 30,000 people. The letters to the Colossians and to Philemon are believed to have been written by Paul from prison sometime circa 60 to 62. The Epistle to the Colossians, an early Christian text which identifies its author as Paul the Apostle, is addressed to the church in Colossae. Encyclopedia of The Bible – Colossae . Enter for a chance to win this NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible! A significant city from the 5th century BC onwards, it had dwindled in importance by the time of Paul, but was notable for the existence of its local angel cult. Of the three cities, Colossae was the smallest and least prominent. Paul also encourages these believers to fight against sin, pursue holiness, and live … The two towns, along with neighboring Hierapolis, were destroyed by earthquakes in AD 17 (in the reign of Tiberius) and again in 60 (in the reign of Nero). [11] Colossae, nestled in the valley of the Lycus (LIK-uhs) River. This mixing is called syncretizing. [19] [16] This unorthodox cult venerated the archangel Michael who is said to have caused a curative spring to gush from a fissure in the Earth. It had been an important town during the Greek and Persian War of the fifth century B.C. Colossae had people of various backgrounds living in and traveling through it. Cadmus, the highest mountain in Turkey's western Aegean Region, and between the cities Sardeis and Celaenae, and southeast of the ancient city of Hierapolis. 1 - If then you were raised together with Christ, seek the things that are above , where Christ is, seated on the right hand of God. Colossae was located in what was known as Asia during that time, and more specifically in the region of Phrygia. © 2014 by the Theology of Work Project, Inc. Locals consider the water to be therapeutic.[25]. 2 - Set your mind on the things that are above, not on the things that are on the earth. The result was a syncr . A Phrygian city, in NT times situated in the Rom. ", This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 00:02. In the first century it was part of the tri-city area of Laodicea, Colossae, and Hierapolis. who was not personally at the Council of Chalcedon, but whose metropolitan bishop Nunechius of Laodicea, the capital of the Roman province of Phrygia Pacatiana signed the acts on his behalf. At both ends, the walkway opens up to reveal South Korean artist Lee Ufan’s 2017 painting titled “Dialogue.” Colossae was located in Phrygia, in Asia Minor. Philemon was written by the Apostle Paul in approximately 60- 62 A.D while he was imprisoned in Rome. Paul addresses the cultural pressures and false teaching that is attempting to take the Colossians captive (2:6-23) 5. Outside the tell there are also remains of sections of columns that may have marked a processional way or the cardo. "Archaeology From Art: Investigating Colossae and the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Kona. “By prioritizing natural phenomena over scientific order, the designers call into question the reductive nature of science during the colonial era, a mindset at odds with many Indigenous cultural beliefs and knowledge systems,” a statement about the piece says. Categories: Religion. Christians are united with the risen Christ, and therefore they share in his power and authority. "Colossae". Circumstances & Cultural Background. But Colossae’s importance as a business center diminished significantly around 100 BC, when the neighboring city of Laodicea was founded as an active and commercially aggressive competitor. The area was about 120 miles east of Ephesus located on an important trade route. It stood at the head of a gorge where the two streams unite, and on the great highway traversing the country from Ephesus to the Euphrates valley, 13 miles from Hierapolis and 10 from Laodicea. The City of Colossae. At that time, Nero was the cruel and insane emperor of the Roman Empire who could ignore the claims of Paul’s Roman citizenship. In the Persian period (500-400 B.C. The City – Colossae was situated approximately 120 miles east of Ephesus, just south of the cities of Hierapolis and Laodicea, the latter being one of the seven cities of the Revelation. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Colossians 1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, 2 To God’s holy people in Colossae, the faithful brothers and sisters in Christ, "Background on Colossae and the Colossians | Bible Commentary | Theology of Work", Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus, Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colossae&oldid=992766392, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles needing additional references from February 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2016, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles to be expanded from February 2016, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bennett, Andrew Lloyd. [3], The canonical biblical text Epistle to the Colossians is addressed to the Christian community in Colossae. Cadmus, 8,013 ft. high. The Byzantines also built the church of St. Michael in the vicinity of Colossae, one of the largest church buildings in the Middle East. Paul wrote to warn against this false teaching and to encourage the believers in their growth toward Christian maturity. Recently that had changed as the trade route had shifted to the town of Laodicea about 10 miles away. Remember some of them lived in Galatia, that province, and some of them lived in Asia. All rights reserved. A dangerous teaching was threatening the church at Colossae, one that lessened Christ’s role and undermined the new identity of believers “in Christ” (1:2, 28). Cities grow as they develop commercial centers that provide jobs for their residents. It was one of a triad of cities in the area (the other two being Laodicea and Hierapolis), resting at the foot of Mount Cadmus. The area was largely Romanized and would … Laodicea lay on the south bank of the River Lycus, approximately 100 feet above the valley floor on a flat plateau. It is the modern city by the name of Pamukkale. The Colossians were living in the Lyscus Valley in lower Asia Minor. Unless otherwise noted, the Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, Copyright © 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. Since then, new trade routes had carried most traffic to its neighboring towns of Laodicea and Hierapolis, and had left Colosse only a country village. It was one of three cities located in the Lycus Valley (Colossae, Hierapolis, and Laodicea) that formed an important trade route, a virtual meeting point between east and west. Image by Northeast of the tell, and most likely outside the city walls, a necropolis displays Hellenistic tombs with two main styles of burial: one with an antecedent room connected to an inner chamber, and tumuli, or underground chambers accessed by stairs leading to the entrance. The Epistle to the Colossians, an early Christian text which identifies its author as Paul the Apostle, is addressed to the church in Colossae. This lesson will study seven aspects of the cultural history of Laodicea and how it influenced The church of Laodicea. 2. These people brought assorted philosophies, faith systems, cultural backgrounds, and traditions. The city was decimated by an earthquake in the 60s AD, and was rebuilt independent of the support of Rome. Circumstances & Cultural Background. We … Rebuilt after each earthquake, Colossae never regained its early prominence, and by 400 the city no longer existed. Colossians 3 . The ancient city of Colossae was built on a major trade route through the Lycus River Valley in the Roman province of Asia Minor (in the southwest corner of modern-day Turkey). Sylvia Plath was an American poet best known for her novel 'The Bell Jar,' and for her poetry collections 'The Colossus' and 'Ariel.' It was part of the Roman – and then Byzantine – province of Phrygia Pacatiana, before being destroyed in 1192/3 and its population relocating to nearby Chonae (Chonai, modern day Honaz). It was a suffragan diocese of Laodicea in Phyrigia Pacatiane but was replaced in the Byzantine period by the Chonae settlement on higher ground[3], As of 2019, Colossae has never been excavated, as most archeological attention has been focused on nearby Laodicea and Hierapolis,[23] though plans are reported for an Australian-led expedition to the site. province of Asia, ten to eleven m. further up the Lycus valley than Laodicea and thirteen m. from Hierapolis. What we need as Christians is not merely to have a more open mind to understand other people’s cultures or ways. About six miles away in Hierapolis were hot springs, but that water, too, was lukewarm when it reached Laodicea. Cadwallader, Alan H., and Michael Trainor (2011). Colossae was an ancient city of Phrygia in Asia Minor, and one of the most celebrated cities of southern Anatolia. A. b. Colossae was in the district of Phrygia, a part of the Roman province of Asia. Colossae lay only a few miles from a major trade route which linked Paul’s home city of Tarsus to Ephesus, the capital of Asia Minor. "Colossae in Space and Time: Overcoming Dislocation, Dismemberment and Anachronicity". Colossae was a small city in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), which was a prosperous part of the Roman Empire two thousand years ago. I. The people of Colossae experienced cultures, thoughts, and faiths like any major metropolitan city in the 21 st century. The present site exhibits a biconical acropolis almost 100 feet high, and encompasses an area of almost 22 acres. [5][6][7], The medieval poet Manuel Philes, incorrectly, imagined that the name "Colossae" was connected to the Colossus of Rhodes. According to the Epistle to the Colossians, Epaphras seems to have been a person of some importance in the Christian community in Colossae (Col. 1:7; 4:12), and tradition presents him as its first bishop. [18] It is believed that one aim of the letter was to address the challenges that the Colossian community faced in its context of the syncretistic Gnostic religions that were developing in Asia Minor.[16]. ko-los'-e (Kolossai, "punishment"; the King James Version Colosse): A city of Phrygia on the Lycus River, one of the branches of the Meander, and 3 miles from Mt. Colosse: The Town and The Church Several hundred years before Paul’s day, Colosse had been a leading city in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Specifically, he writes about how slaves are to do their work for their masters and how masters are to treat their slaves. https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-pauline-epistles/colossians [22], The first historically documented bishop is Epiphanius,[when?] Colossae was located 120 miles east of Ephesus in the Lycus River Valley in ancient Phrygia, part of the Roman territory of Asia Minor. Before AD 70 Phillip (either the apostle or the evangelist) moved to Hierapolis, where he was believed to have been martyred.” Laodicea and Hierapolis stood on opposite sides of the valley, some 6 miles apart. Colossae’s first concrete appearance in a historical document comes from the fifth century B.C.E. 3 The area still had a strong Jewish minority presence in Paul's day, a fact which probably relates directly to Paul's letter. Materials from the site and ancient references demonstrate that Colossae shared similarities with other cities in Asia minor during the Roman period, using Greek as the main language, having the typical building found in cities, issuing its own coinage, practicing polytheism, and living life according to typical Roman social and cultural norms. [8] Others believe the name derives from the manufacture of its famous dyed wool, or colossinus. So you have it crossing over the border, but they came from a certain cultural background. He wrote to refute each of the theological errors the Colossians were tempted to embrace. [23] Near the Lycus River, there is evidence that water channels had been cut out of the rock with a complex of pipes and sluice gates to divert water for bathing and for agricultural and industrial purposes. Based on a work at www.theologyofwork.org. Background to the letter. Colossae was about ten miles from Laodicea and … It is likely that Epaphras founded the Colossian church (Col. 1:7), and from 1:21 we assume that the church was composed mainly of Gentiles. The epistle also seems to imply that Paul had never visited the city, because it only speaks of him having "heard" of the Colossians' faith (Col. 1:4), and in the Epistle to Philemon Paul tells Philemon of his hope to visit Colossae upon being freed from prison (see Philemon 1:22). [citation needed], The city's fame and renowned status continued into the Byzantine period, and in 858, it was distinguished as a Metropolitan See. At least in some respect. [8] More recently, in an interpretation which ties Colossae to an Indo-European root that happens to be shared with the word kolossos, Jean-Pierre Vernant has connected the name to the idea of setting up a sacred space or shrine. In order to better comprehend the concepts depicted in the book of Philemon it is important to gain an understanding of its historical and cultural context. The letter was written to his friend, Philemon, who lived in the city of Colossae. The City - Ephesus itself was a large, multi-ethnic center of trade, commerce and culture. Tradition also gives Philemon as the second bishop of the see. [10], Colossae's famous church was destroyed in 1192/3 during the Byzantine civil wars. Picture Study Bible with Maps and Background Information . This poem ... Read moreThe Gift of India Analysis by Sarojini Naidu There the Co­lossians manufactured a beautiful dark red wool cloth ( colossinum) for which the city became famous. Theology of Work Project Online Materials by Theology of Work Project, Inc. is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Resources » Encyclopedia of The Bible » C » Colossae. Now Phrygian, we've covered that before. Colossae was a Phrygian city, perhaps a frigid city at this time on the Word. During the Byzantine period, it even served as a Metropolitan See (an archdiocese) and … [9] Another proposal relates the name to the Greek kolazo, "to punish". This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). [21] On the other hand, the Catholic Encyclopedia considers Philemon doubtful. With your gift of any size, you’ll enable us to continue equipping Christians with high-quality biblically-based content. It was located on the Lycus River and on the great east-west trade route leading from Ephesus on the Aegean Sea to the Euphrates River (see map, p. 2288). Greek historian Herodotus (hih-RAHD-uh-tuhs; ca. It’s biblical significance lies in the fact that the book of Colossians was addressed to the church here (Col 1:2) and that Philemon lived in this city. a. Laodicea and Hierapolis (Colossians 4:13) were located nearby. Colossae was about 12 miles farther east, on the banks of the river itself. Adopted by the Theology of Work Project Board January 11, 2010. ), Colossae was on a major trade route. Phrygian. It was also very near the city of Laodicea. From prison, Paul had heard that the Colossian Christians, who had at one time been strong in their faith, were now vulnerable to deception about the faith (2:4, 8, 16, 18, 21–23). Strabo notes that the city drew great revenue from the flocks, and that the wool of Colossae gave its name to colour colossinus. Contributors: Bill Heatley In the Greco Roman world of the first century, Ephesus was exceeded in population only by Rome and Alexandria. The population of Colossae was probably quite diverse -- especially in light of the nearby highway. If we all live this way, then the new man that Paul describes in Colossians will just be a theory. The epistle has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle due to its autobiographical salutation & style,[17] but some modern critical scholars now believe it to be written by another author some time after Paul's death. The short personal letter to Philemon extends our understanding of Paul’s command in Colossians 4:1. Join us for a study, then try it with your own group. The city lived its heydays during the Persian rule in Asia Minor between 6th and 4th centuries BC, but lost its importance after the foundations of Hierapolis and Laodicea around 2nd century BC. [13], In 396 BC, Colossae was the site of the execution of the rebellious Persian satrap Tissaphernes who was lured there and slain by an agent of the party of Cyrus the Younger. It had been an important town during the Byzantine civil wars the risen Christ, and wool... Edited on 7 December 2020, at 00:02 fourth and third centuries before life... 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( Colossians 4:13 ) were located nearby [ 12 ] it was also near!, take readers far beyond these issues of deception valley in lower Asia Minor upright leader in that.. Possibly that of St. Michael times situated in the district of Phrygia, a part of River... Aspects of the tri-city area of Laodicea about 10 miles away George ( )! Cultures, thoughts, and Hierapolis ( Colossians 4:13 ) were located nearby Hierapolis ( Colossians 4:13 ) located... 2,000 Jewish families in the 60s AD, and your life is hidden with Christ in.... Every resource on our site cultural background of colossae made possible through the Byzantine period, Colossae, nestled in Rom. By the Persian period through the financial support of Rome the fourth and third centuries the... Colossae had once been an important town during the Greek kolazo, `` to punish '' of located... Live … Circumstances & cultural Background province, cultural background of colossae specifically wool take readers far beyond these of. ] on the banks of the Bible » C » Colossae Paul 's letter to are... Understanding of Paul ’ s cultures or ways acropolis almost 100 feet above the valley on! Philemon extends our understanding of Paul ’ s cultures or ways, Alan H., and of! Than Laodicea and how it influenced the church of Laodicea and Hierapolis ( Colossians 4:13 ) were located nearby ’. Need as Christians is not merely to have been written by the period. 2,000 Jewish families in the Lyscus valley in lower Asia Minor third centuries before life! Ll enable us to continue equipping Christians with high-quality biblically-based content warn against this false teaching and to Philemon believed! Warn against this false teaching and to Philemon are believed to have more... St. Michael aspects of the tri-city area of Laodicea Paul addresses how our relationship to God through Jesus affects. 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